Primoza
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No jaz THC ne bi dajal v nič. Alkohol začne učinkovati pri gramskih količinah, THC pa pri miligramskih.
TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL
CASRN: 1972-08-3
For other data, click on the Table of Contents
Human Health Effects:
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
Tetrahydrocannabinol, even in amounts equivalent to small doses of cannabis, impaired immediate memory in 8 young men.
[Reynolds, J.E.F., Prasad, A.B. (eds.) Martindale-The Extra Pharmacopoeia. 28th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1982., p. 354]**PEER REVIEWED**
Ingestion of up to 200 mg of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in resin produced confusion, stupor, labile affect, ataxia, and mild hypothermia in a 4-yr-old girl.
[Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988., p. 680]**PEER REVIEWED**
Undifferentiated manic, schizophreniform, and confusional psychoses have been reported in heavy marijuana users admitted to psychiatric hospitals. Comparison between psychotic men with high urinary cannabinoid levels and negative control groups suggest that high THC intake is associated with a rapidly resolving psychosis characterized by hypomania and occasionally schizophrenic symptoms.
[Ellenhorn, M.J., S. Schonwald, G. Ordog, J. Wasserberger. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1997., p. 395]**PEER REVIEWED**
Subacute pulmonary effects of heavy marijuana smoking (five 2% delta-9-THC cigarettes for 60 days) include mild decreases in FEV1, maximal midexpiratory flow rate, large-airway conductance and diffusion capacity.
[Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988., p. 680]**PEER REVIEWED**
An oral dose of 20 mg of delta-9-THC or the smoking of a cigarette containing 2% delta-9-THC produces effects on mood, memory, motor coordination, cognitive ability, sensorium, time sense, and self-perception. Most commonly there is an increased sense of well-being or euphoria, accompanied by feelings of relaxation and sleepiness when subjects are alone; where users can interact, sleepiness is less pronounced and there is often spontaneous laughter. ... Short term memory is impaired, and there is a deterioration in capacity to carry out tasks requiring multiple mental steps to reach a specific goal.
[Gilman, A.G., L.S.Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 7th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1985., p. 559]**PEER REVIEWED**
... High doses of delta 9-THC can induce frank hallucinations, delusions, and paranoid feelings. Thinking becomes confused and disorganized; depersonalization and altered time sense are accentuated. Anxiety reaching panic proportions may replace euphoria, often as a result of the feeling that the drug-induced state will never end. With high enough doses, the clinical picture is that of a toxic psychosis with hallucinations, depersonalization, and loss of insight; this can occur acutely or only after months of use.
[Gilman, A.G., L.S.Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 7th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1985., p. 559]**PEER REVIEWED**
The most consistent effects on the cardiovascular system are an increase in heart rate, an increase in systolic blood pressure while supine, decreased blood pressure while standing, and /resulting in/ a marked reddening of the conjunctivae.
[Gilman, A.G., L.S.Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 7th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1985., p. 559]**PEER REVIEWED**
A single dose of delta-9-THC (25 mg in a smoked cigarette) significantly decreased performance scores as a function of an increase in complex response times and the emission of fewer responses.
[DHHS/NIDA; Research Monograph Series 52: Testing Drugs for Physical Dependence Potential and Abuse Liability p.137 (1984) DHHS Pub No. (ADM)87-1332]**PEER REVIEWED**
Motor performance /was assessed/ using an aviation instrument flight simulator involved subjects (licensed pilots) instructed to "fly" through each of four prespecified (and practiced) holding patterns. Using double-blind conditions, marijuana (0.09 mg delta-9-THC per kg) or placebo cigarettes were smoked during a 10 minute interval. Thirty minutes later the subjects began the simulations. There was a significant increase in the number of both major and minor errors, and an incr average deviation from the assigned flight sequence. This decrement in performance persisted for at least two hr after smoking and returned to control levels by six hours post-drug.
[Blaine JD et al; p.445-7 in The Pharmacology of Marihuana; Braude MC, Szara S, eds (1976) as cited in DHHS/NIDA; Research Monograph Series 52: Testing Drugs for Physical Dependence Potential and Abuse Liability p.137 (1984) DHHS Pub No. (ADM)87-1332]**PEER REVIEWED**
The acute effects /were determined for/ various doses of delta-9-THC or hashish (compared to placebo) upon digit spans, serial sevens, star tracing, and time estimation. The simple task (eg digit span) was unaffected by cannabinoid administration while performance on the more complicated tasks was impaired.
[Dornbush RL, Kokkevi A; p.421-8 in The Pharmacology of Marihuana; Braude MC, Szara S, eds (1976) as cited in DHHS/NIDA; Research Monograph Series 52: Testing Drugs for Physical Dependence Potential and Abuse Liability p.137 (1984) DHHS Pub No. (ADM)87-1332]**PEER REVIEWED**
The effects of delta-9-THC and synhexyl on sleep patterns /were compared/ in normal subjects. Both compounds selectively increased stage 4 sleep while rapid eye movement or REM sleep was depressed. When a sleep deprivation procedure was employed, ... subjects recovered from these effects much more rapidly when treated with synhexyl than with delta-9-THC.
[Pivik RT et al; Clin Pharmacol Ther 13: 426-35 (1972) as cited in DHHS/NIDA; Research Monograph Series 52: Testing Drugs for Physical Dependence Potential and Abuse Liability p.135 (1984) DHHS Pub No. (ADM)87-1332]**PEER REVIEWED**
Human subjects /were given/ an oral dose of delta-9-THC every four hr for 10 to 20 days. Autonomic signs of withdrawal included increased sweating, salivation, and tremors of the extremities. Milder signs included irritability, sleep disturbances, and anorexia, while nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea occurred in some subjects.
[Jones R, Benowitz N; p.627-45 in The Pharmacology of Marihuana; Braude MC, Szara S, eds (1976) as cited in DHHS/NIDA; Research Monograph Series 52: Testing Drugs for Physical Dependence Potential and Abuse Liability p.136 (1984) DHHS Pub No. (ADM)87-1332]**PEER REVIEWED**
While higher doses /5-20 mg of delta-9-THC/ were effective in relieving pain /associated with advanced stages of cancer/, they were accompanied by significant side effects, including sedation and verbal impairment.
[Noyes R et al; p.833-6 in The Pharmacology of Marihuana; Braude MC and Szara S, eds (1976) as cited in DHHS/NIDA; Research Monograph Series 52: Testing Drugs for Physical Dependence Potential and Abuse Liability p.135 (1984) DHHS Pub No. (ADM)87-1332]**PEER REVIEWED**
Orally administered marijuana or THC has been reported to increase alpha activity and EEG synchronization.
[Tassinari CA et al; Electroenceph Clin Neurophys 36: 94 (1974) as cited in DHHS/NIDA; Research Monograph Series 52: Testing Drugs for Physical Dependence Potential and Abuse Liability p.135 (1984) DHHS Pub No. (ADM)87-1332]**PEER REVIEWED**
A study ... utilizing spectral techniques to more accurately quantify the EEG effects of 200 mg/kg delta-9-THC showed that the predominant alpha frequency was decreased by THC, but the magnitude of change was related to the resting state and EEG baseline of each /human/ subject.
[Koukkou M, Lehmann D; Biol Psychiat 11: 663-77 (1976) as cited in DHHS/NIDA; Research Monograph Series 52: Testing Drugs for Physical Dependence Potential and Abuse Liability p.135 (1984) DHHS Pub No. (ADM)87-1332]**PEER REVIEWED**
A prospective study of marijuana use and pregnancy suggested that infants whose mothers had positive urine assays for marijuana exhibited impaired fetal growth (lower birth weight, decrease in length) when compared with infants of nonusers.
[Ellenhorn, M.J., S. Schonwald, G. Ordog, J. Wasserberger. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1997., p. 394]**PEER REVIEWED**
Clinical manifestations due to marijuana smoking have included long-term impairment of memory in adolescents, a sixfold increase in the incidence of schizophrenia, cancer of the mouth, jaw, tongue, and lungs in 19- to 30-year olds, fetotoxicity, and nonlymphoblastic leukemia in children of marijuana-smoking mothers.
[Ellenhorn, M.J., S. Schonwald, G. Ordog, J. Wasserberger. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1997., p. 395]**PEER REVIEWED**
Hashish resin ingestion in children in amounts ranging from 0.25 to 1 g has led to a rapid onset of obtundation (30-75 min); some children have developed opisthotonic-like movements alternating with hypotonia, and others may have meningismus. About one third of children experience tachycardia (>150 beats/min). Occasional cyanosis, right bundle-branch block, and apnea with bradycardia may be observed. /Hashish/
[Ellenhorn, M.J., S. Schonwald, G. Ordog, J. Wasserberger. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1997., p. 395]**PEER REVIEWED**
... Smoking marijuana is associated with a nearly fivefold greater increment in the blood carboxyhemoglobin level, an approximately threefold increase in the amount of tar inhaled and retained in the respiratory tract. ... Smoking only a few marijuana cigarettes a day (without tobacco) has the same effect on the prevalence of acute and chronic respiratory toxicity and the extent of tracheobronchial epithelial histopathology as smoking more than 20 tobacco cigarettes a day (without marijuana).
[Ellenhorn, M.J., S. Schonwald, G. Ordog, J. Wasserberger. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1997., p. 395]**PEER REVIEWED**
The smoking of one marijuana cigarette (800-900 mg, 1-3% THC) leads to the deposition in the lower respiratory tract of about a fourfold greater quantity of insoluble smoke particulates (tar) than smoking a filtered tobacco cigarette of comparable weight.
[Ellenhorn, M.J., S. Schonwald, G. Ordog, J. Wasserberger. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1997., p. 395]**PEER REVIEWED**
... Hashish may elevate catecholamine levels, causing vasodilation of peripheral arteries, followed by digital clubbing. /Hashish/
[Ellenhorn, M.J., S. Schonwald, G. Ordog, J. Wasserberger. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1997., p. 395]**PEER REVIEWED**
Studies of aircraft pilot performance following the smoking of one cigarette containing 20 mg of THC sugggest that impairment of performance can last as long as 24 hours after smoking. The user may be unaware of the drug's influence.
[Ellenhorn, M.J., S. Schonwald, G. Ordog, J. Wasserberger. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1997., p. 397]**PEER REVIEWED**
... Smoking marihuana either has no influence on the size of the pupil, or causes slight constriction. It causes the conjuctival vessels to dilate, about maximum at fifteen minutes.
[Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 174]**PEER REVIEWED**
To compare the pulmonary hazards of smoking marijuana (cannabis; I) and tobacco (II), the relative burden to the lung of insoluble particulates (tar) and carbon monoxide from the smoke of similar quantities of marijuana and tobacco were studied in 15 men who had smoked both marijuana and tobacco habitually for at least 5 yr. Each subject's blood carboxyhemoglobin level was measured before and after smoking. The amount of tar inhaled and deposited in the respiratory tract from the smoke of single filter-tipped tobacco cigarettes (900 to 1200 mg) and marijuana cigarettes (741 to 985 mg) containing 0.004% or 1.24% 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol; III) was also measured. As compared with smoking tobacco, smoking marijuana was associated with a nearly five-fold greater increment in the blood carboxyhemoglobin level, an approximately three-fold increase in the amount of tar inhaled and retention in the respiratory tract of 1/3 more inhaled tar. Significant differences were also noted in the dynamics of smoking marijuana and tobacco among them an approximately 2/3 larger puff volume, a 1/3 greater depth of inhalation and a four-fold longer breath holding time with marijuana than with tobacco. Smoking dynamics and the delivery of tar during marijuana smoking were only slightly influenced by the percentage of 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. It was concluded that smoking marijuana, regardless of 9-tetrahydrocannabinol content, results in a substantially greater respiratory burden of carbon monoxide and tar than smoking a similar quantity of tobacco.
[Wu TC et al; N Engl J Med 388: 347-351 (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Drug Warnings:
These effects /of Dronabinol/, (eg, mood changes, distortions in visual and time sense, somnolence) may be unacceptable to some patients, especially the elderly. Occasional dysphoria or hallucinations limit the usefulness of this drug in patients with psychiatric disorders. Since dronabinol has been reported to enhance seizure activity, it should be admin with caution to epileptic patients. Dronabinol may produce transient tachycardia and large doses may cause orthostatic hypotension; these effects should be considered before the drug is used in patients with angina, mitral stenosis, and similar cardiovascular disorders. The safety of dronabinol during pregnancy has not been determined (FDA Pregnancy Category B).
[American Medical Association. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1991. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1991., p. 400]**PEER REVIEWED**
Marijuana has not been well studied, but tetrahydrocannabinol can reach rather high levels in /breast/ milk, particularly with heavy use. Although adverse effects in infants have not been reported, breast feeding should probably be avoided in heavy users and during therapeutic Dronabinol use. Breast feeding should probably be withheld for several hr after occasional marijuana use. Caution should also be used to avoid exposing the infant to marijuana smoke.
[Knoben, J.E. and P.O. Anderson (eds.) Handbook of Clinical Drug Data. 6th ed. Bethesda, MD: Drug Intelligence Publications, Inc. 1988., p. 178]**PEER REVIEWED**
While higher doses /5-20 mg of delta-9-THC/ were effective in relieving pain /associated with advanced stages of cancer/, they were accompanied by significant side effects, including sedation and verbal impairment.
[Noyes R et al; p.833-6 in The Pharmacology of Marihuana; Braude MC and Szara S, eds (1976) as cited in DHHS/NIDA; Research Monograph Series 52: Testing Drugs for Physical Dependence Potential and Abuse Liability p.135 (1984) DHHS Pub No. (ADM)87-1332]**PEER REVIEWED**
Drugs of Abuse: Contraindicated during Breast-Feeding: Marijuana: Only one report in literature; no effect mentioned. (The Committee on Drugs strongly believes that nursing mothers should not ingest any compounds listed /drugs of abuse/ ... Not only are they hazardous to the nursing infant, but they are also detrimental to the physical and mental health of the mother ... No drug of abuse should be ingested by nursing mothers even though adverse reports are not in the literature.) /From Table 2/
[Report of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs in Pediatrics 93 (1): 138 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**
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